In the ever-expanding world of natural weight loss supplements, maitake mushroom extract has emerged as a fascinating ingredient with potential metabolic benefits. Known scientifically asGrifola frondosaand commonly called "hen of the woods," maitake mushrooms have been treasured in traditional Asian medicine for centuries.
This comprehensive guide examines the scientific evidence behind maitake mushroom extract's potential role in weight management, exploring its mechanisms of action, active compounds, research findings, and practical applications. Whether you're a health-conscious consumer seeking natural weight management solutions, a supplement formulator developing innovative products, or a wellness professional advising clients, this evidence-based analysis will help you understand what maitake mushroom extract can-and cannot-do for weight loss.
With obesity rates continuing to rise globally and consumers increasingly seeking natural alternatives to pharmaceutical interventions, understanding the true potential of ingredients like maitake mushroom powder has never been more important. Let's dive deep into the science to separate fact from fiction.
Understanding Maitake Mushroom Extract
What Is Maitake Mushroom?
Maitake (Grifola frondosa) is a large, edible polypore mushroom that grows in clusters at the base of trees, particularly oaks. Native to northeastern Japan and North America, maitake has been used in traditional Japanese and Chinese medicine for thousands of years to promote longevity and overall health.
The name "maitake" translates to "dancing mushroom" in Japanese, reportedly because people who found these valuable mushrooms in the forest would dance with joy. In the wild, a single maitake cluster can weigh up to 100 pounds, though cultivated varieties are typically much smaller.
What Is Maitake Mushroom Extract?
Maitake mushroom extract is a concentrated form of the bioactive compounds found in the fruiting body or mycelium of the mushroom. The extraction process typically involves:
* Selection: High-quality maitake mushrooms are carefully selected
* Preparation: Mushrooms are cleaned and prepared for extraction
* Extraction: Hot water, alcohol, or dual extraction methods isolate bioactive compounds
* Concentration: The extract is concentrated to increase potency
* Standardization: Products are standardized to specific levels of active compounds
* Quality testing: Final products undergo rigorous testing for purity and potency
The resulting extract contains concentrated levels of polysaccharides, beta-glucans, proteins, and other bioactive compounds that contribute to maitake's health benefits.
The Active Compounds in Maitake Mushroom Extract
Understanding what makes maitake potentially effective for weight management requires examining its unique chemical composition.
Beta-Glucans and Polysaccharides
The most studied compounds in maitake are its polysaccharides, particularly beta-glucans. These complex carbohydrates have unique structural properties that interact with the immune system and metabolic pathways. Notably, key bioactive components, particularly polysaccharides, play pivotal roles in eliciting diverse health benefits, including antitumor, immunomodulatory, and metabolic effects.
Maitake contains several distinct polysaccharide fractions:
D-Fraction: A beta-1,6-glucan with beta-1,3 branches, extensively studied for immune-modulating properties
SX-Fraction: Specifically researched for blood sugar regulation and metabolic effects
MD-Fraction: Investigated for its potential anti-diabetic properties
X-Fraction: Studied for cholesterol-lowering effects
Proteins and Amino Acids
Maitake contains various proteins and amino acids that contribute to its nutritional profile and may support metabolic function.
Minerals and Vitamins
Maitake provides essential nutrients including:
* B vitamins (B2, B3, B5)
* Vitamin D (when exposed to sunlight)
* Minerals: potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc
Ergosterol and Ergothioneine
These compounds provide antioxidant properties and may contribute to overall metabolic health.
Fiber
Maitake contains both soluble and insoluble fiber, which can support digestive health and satiety.
Indirect Mechanisms: How Maitake May Support Weight Management
Even without direct weight loss evidence, maitake mushroom extract influences several metabolic pathways that are relevant to weight management:
1. Blood Sugar Regulation and Insulin Sensitivity
One of the most well-documented effects of maitake is its influence on glucose metabolism, which plays a crucial role in weight management.
Research Findings:
A water-soluble extract of maitake mushroom (FXM) favorably influences glucose/insulin metabolism in insulin-resistant mice, lowering blood glucose levels and improving insulin sensitivity [5]. This is particularly significant because insulin resistance is strongly associated with weight gain and difficulty losing weight.
Research on an alpha-glucan from maitake fruit body demonstrated anti-diabetic effects, which might be related to its effect on insulin receptors . Animal studies demonstrated that maitake extracts have hypoglycemic activity, helping to lower blood glucose levels.
Why This Matters for Weight Loss:
* Reduced insulin resistance: Better insulin sensitivity helps the body use glucose for energy rather than storing it as fat
* Stabilized blood sugar: Fewer blood sugar spikes and crashes reduce cravings and overeating
* Improved energy metabolism: Enhanced glucose utilization supports better energy levels for physical activity
* Reduced fat storage: Lower insulin levels decrease the body's tendency to store fat
Maitake may help lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity, which is particularly advantageous for those with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome .
2. Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Maitake's effects on cholesterol and lipid metabolism represent another pathway through which it may support healthy body composition.
Research Evidence:
Studies demonstrate that maitake fractions (MAF and EF) lowered serum total cholesterol levels by enhancing fecal cholesterol excretion. This suggests maitake helps the body eliminate excess cholesterol rather than allowing it to accumulate.
The polysaccharides in maitake can reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol without affecting triglyceride or HDL (good) cholesterol levels. This selective effect is particularly beneficial for cardiovascular health.
Research on maitake mushroom's effect on lipid accumulation in rats fed a high cholesterol diet showed that maitake can improve cholesterol and lipid status [11]. Additionally, studies suggest that maitake mushrooms have the ability to alter lipid metabolism by inhibiting both the accumulation of liver lipids and the elevation of serum lipids.
Metabolic Implications:
* Reduced lipid accumulation: Less fat storage in liver and tissues
* Improved fat metabolism: Enhanced ability to process dietary fats
* Better cardiovascular health: Supporting overall metabolic function
* Reduced inflammation: Lower cholesterol can reduce inflammatory markers associated with obesity
3. Immune System Modulation and Inflammation
The connection between immune function, inflammation, and weight management is increasingly recognized in metabolic research.
Immune-Modulating Properties:
Maitake mushrooms contain protein polysaccharides that have well-documented immune-protecting properties, which can provide various health benefits including metabolic support. Compounds from maitake may help improve recovery rates, inhibit infection, and support the immune system through polysaccharide activity.
Beta-glucans from mushrooms help train the immune system toward balanced responses, and this indirect effect may support metabolic health over time.
The Inflammation-Obesity Connection:
* Chronic inflammation: Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation
* Metabolic dysfunction: Inflammation interferes with insulin signaling and metabolism
* Immune balance: Proper immune function supports healthy metabolic processes
* Reduced oxidative stress: Antioxidant properties protect metabolic tissues
4. Gut Health and Microbiome Support
The polysaccharides and fiber in maitake extract may influence gut health, which is increasingly recognized as crucial for weight management.
Potential Mechanisms:
* Prebiotic effects: Polysaccharides feed beneficial gut bacteria
* Improved gut barrier: Supporting intestinal health
* Enhanced nutrient absorption: Better digestive function
* Reduced inflammation: Healthy gut microbiome reduces systemic inflammation
* Satiety signals: Gut bacteria influence hunger and fullness hormones
5. Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function
Maitake's bioactive compounds may support cellular energy production, which is fundamental to metabolism.
Metabolic Support:
* Enhanced ATP production: Better cellular energy generation
* Improved fat oxidation: Increased ability to burn fat for fuel
* Metabolic flexibility: Better switching between fuel sources
* Reduced metabolic stress: Protection of metabolic tissues
What Maitake Mushroom Extract Cannot Do
To maintain credibility and set realistic expectations, it's important to be clear about what maitake extract cannot accomplish:
Not a Magic Weight Loss Solution
Maitake mushroom extract is not a standalone weight loss miracle. No supplement can replace the fundamental principles of weight management: caloric balance, nutritious diet, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, and stress management.
Not a Replacement for Medical Treatment
Individuals with obesity, diabetes, or metabolic disorders should work with healthcare professionals. While maitake may support metabolic health, it should not replace prescribed medications without medical supervision.
Not Equally Effective for Everyone
Individual responses to maitake extract vary based on:
* Genetic factors
* Current metabolic health
* Diet and lifestyle
* Gut microbiome composition
* Overall health status
* Concurrent medications or supplements
Not Immediately Effective
If maitake extract does support weight management, effects would likely be gradual and cumulative, requiring consistent use over weeks or months rather than producing rapid results.
Clinical Applications: Who Might Benefit from Maitake Extract?
Based on the available evidence, certain populations may find maitake mushroom extract particularly beneficial as part of a comprehensive weight management approach:
Individuals with Insulin Resistance or Pre-Diabetes
Given maitake's documented effects on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, those with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, or metabolic syndrome may benefit most from supplementation.
Potential Benefits:
* Improved insulin sensitivity
* Better blood sugar control
* Reduced risk of progression to type 2 diabetes
* Enhanced metabolic function
People with High Cholesterol or Dyslipidemia
Maitake's effects on lipid metabolism make it potentially useful for individuals struggling with cholesterol management alongside weight concerns.
Potential Benefits:
* Reduced LDL cholesterol
* Improved lipid profiles
* Enhanced fat metabolism
* Reduced cardiovascular risk factors
Those Seeking Metabolic Support During Weight Loss
Individuals already engaged in weight loss efforts through diet and exercise might use maitake extract to support metabolic health during the process.
Potential Benefits:
* Metabolic support during caloric restriction
* Maintained insulin sensitivity
* Immune system support
* Reduced inflammation
Individuals with Chronic Inflammation
Since obesity and metabolic dysfunction are associated with chronic inflammation, maitake's immune-modulating properties may provide complementary benefits.
Potential Benefits:
* Balanced immune response
* Reduced inflammatory markers
* Improved metabolic signaling
* Enhanced overall wellness
Dosage, Forms, and Usage Guidelines
Understanding proper dosage and usage is essential for maximizing potential benefits while ensuring safety.
Common Forms of Maitake Extract
Capsules and Tablets:
* Convenient for daily supplementation
* Standardized dosing
* Typical range: 500-3000 mg daily
Powder:
* Versatile for adding to foods and beverages
* Allows flexible dosing
* Can be mixed into smoothies, soups, or teas
Liquid Extracts/Tinctures:
* Concentrated form
* Rapid absorption
* Alcohol or glycerin-based
Whole Dried Mushroom:
* Less concentrated than extracts
* Provides full spectrum of compounds
* Can be used in cooking
Dosage Recommendations
While optimal dosing continues to be studied, research and traditional use suggest:
For Metabolic Support:
* 1,000-3,000 mg of extract daily
* Standardized to contain at least 20-30% polysaccharides
* Divided into 2-3 doses with meals
For Blood Sugar Support:
* Studies have used 1,500-3,000 mg daily
* Best taken with meals to influence postprandial glucose
For General Health:
* 500-1,000 mg daily
* Can be taken as maintenance dose
Important Considerations:
* Start with lower doses and gradually increase
* Consistency is more important than high doses
* Take with food to enhance absorption and reduce potential digestive upset
* Allow 4-8 weeks to assess effects
Timing and Administration
With Meals:
Taking maitake extract with meals may enhance its effects on blood sugar and lipid metabolism while reducing potential digestive discomfort.
Consistency:
Daily, consistent use is more effective than sporadic supplementation.
Duration:
Metabolic benefits typically require sustained use over weeks to months rather than immediate effects.
Quality Considerations: Choosing Effective Maitake Extract
Not all maitake mushroom extracts are created equal. Quality varies significantly based on sourcing, extraction methods, and manufacturing practices.
What to Look For
Fruiting Body vs. Mycelium:
* Fruiting body extracts: Generally preferred; contain higher concentrations of active polysaccharides
* Mycelium on grain: May contain less active compounds and more grain starch
Extraction Method:
* Hot water extraction: Effective for extracting polysaccharides
* Alcohol extraction: Captures different compounds
* Dual extraction: Combines both methods for full-spectrum benefits
Standardization:
* Look for products standardized to polysaccharide content (typically 20-40%)
* Beta-glucan content should be specified
* Avoid products without standardization information
Third-Party Testing:
* Verified for purity and potency
* Tested for heavy metals, pesticides, and contaminants
* Certified by independent laboratories
* Look for certifications: USDA Organic, NSF, USP
Origin and Cultivation:
* Organically grown preferred
* Transparent sourcing information
* Sustainably cultivated
* Proper species identification (Grifola frondosa)
Manufacturing Quality:
* GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) certified facilities
* Transparent manufacturing processes
* Proper storage and handling
* Clear expiration dates
Red Flags to Avoid
* Unrealistic weight loss claims
* Lack of standardization information
* No third-party testing
* Extremely low prices (may indicate inferior quality)
* Mycelium on grain sold as "mushroom extract"
* No information about extraction methods
* Missing or vague ingredient lists
Safety Profile and Potential Side Effects
Maitake mushroom extract has an excellent safety profile with minimal reported side effects when used appropriately.
Generally Recognized as Safe
Maitake mushrooms have been consumed as food for centuries, and extracts are generally well-tolerated by most people.
Potential Side Effects
Mild and Uncommon:
* Digestive upset (bloating, gas, diarrhea)
* Nausea
* Skin rash (rare)
* Dizziness (rare)
Most side effects are mild and resolve with dose reduction or discontinuation.
Important Precautions
Blood Sugar Concerns:
Individuals with diabetes or taking blood sugar-lowering medications should monitor glucose levels carefully, as maitake may enhance hypoglycemic effects. Medical supervision is recommended.
Blood Pressure:
Maitake may lower blood pressure; those with hypotension or taking blood pressure medications should use caution.
Bleeding Disorders:
Some evidence suggests maitake might slow blood clotting. Individuals with bleeding disorders or taking anticoagulant medications should consult healthcare providers.
Surgery:
Discontinue maitake at least 2 weeks before scheduled surgery due to potential effects on blood sugar and clotting.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding:
Insufficient research exists on safety during pregnancy and lactation. Consult healthcare providers before use.
Autoimmune Conditions:
Due to immune-modulating effects, individuals with autoimmune conditions should consult healthcare professionals before using maitake extract.
Allergies:
Those allergic to mushrooms should avoid maitake products.
Drug Interactions
Potential Interactions:
* Diabetes medications (metformin, insulin, sulfonylureas)
* Blood pressure medications
* Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs
* Immunosuppressants
Always inform healthcare providers about all supplements being taken.
Combining Maitake with Other Weight Management Strategies
Maitake mushroom extract works best as part of a comprehensive, multi-faceted approach to weight management.
Dietary Strategies
Whole Foods Diet:
* Emphasize vegetables, fruits, lean proteins, whole grains
* Reduce processed foods and added sugars
* Control portion sizes
* Focus on nutrient density
Blood Sugar Management:
* Pair carbohydrates with protein and healthy fats
* Choose low-glycemic foods
* Eat regular, balanced meals
* Avoid excessive sugar and refined carbohydrates
Adequate Protein:
* Supports satiety and muscle maintenance
* Enhances metabolic rate
* Supports healthy body composition
Physical Activity
Cardiovascular Exercise:
* 150+ minutes of moderate activity weekly
* Improves insulin sensitivity
* Burns calories
* Supports cardiovascular health
Resistance Training:
* Builds and maintains muscle mass
* Increases metabolic rate
* Improves body composition
* Enhances insulin sensitivity
Daily Movement:
* Reduce sedentary time
* Increase non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
* Take regular movement breaks
Lifestyle Factors
Sleep Quality:
* Aim for 7-9 hours nightly
* Poor sleep disrupts metabolic hormones
* Affects hunger and satiety signals
* Impacts insulin sensitivity
Stress Management:
* Chronic stress promotes weight gain
* Elevates cortisol levels
* Affects eating behaviors
* Implement stress-reduction techniques
Hydration:
* Adequate water intake supports metabolism
* Helps with satiety
* Supports detoxification
* Essential for all metabolic processes
Complementary Supplements
Maitake may work synergistically with other evidence-based supplements:
Fiber Supplements:
* Enhance satiety
* Support gut health
* Stabilize blood sugar
Omega-3 Fatty Acids:
* Reduce inflammation
* Support metabolic health
* Improve insulin sensitivity
Green Tea Extract:
* Enhances fat oxidation
* Provides antioxidants
* May support metabolic rate
Chromium:
* Supports blood sugar regulation
* Enhances insulin function
* May reduce cravings
Probiotics:
* Support gut health
* May influence weight management
* Enhance immune function
The Commercial Perspective: Maitake Extract for Supplement Manufacturers
For dietary supplement manufacturers and formulators, maitake mushroom extract offers several advantages as an ingredient.
Market Demand
Growing Consumer Interest:
* Increasing awareness of functional mushrooms
* Rising demand for natural metabolic support
* Growing market for blood sugar management supplements
* Consumer preference for food-based ingredients
Target Demographics:
* Health-conscious consumers
* Individuals with metabolic concerns
* Natural health enthusiasts
* Functional food consumers
* Aging population seeking metabolic support
Formulation Opportunities
Single-Ingredient Products:
* Pure maitake extract capsules
* Standardized powder products
* Liquid extracts
Combination Formulas:
* Metabolic support blends
* Blood sugar management formulas
* Immune support products
* Mushroom complex supplements
* Weight management formulations
Functional Foods:
* Protein powders
* Meal replacement shakes
* Energy bars
* Functional beverages
* Coffee alternatives
Marketing Considerations
Evidence-Based Claims:
Focus on scientifically supported benefits:
* Supports healthy blood sugar metabolism
* Promotes healthy cholesterol levels
* Supports immune system function
* Provides antioxidant support
* Supports metabolic health
Avoid Unsupported Claims:
* Direct weight loss claims without substantial evidence
* Disease treatment claims
* Unrealistic or exaggerated benefits
* Comparative superiority claims without evidence
Quality Assurance
Supplier Selection:
* Source from reputable suppliers
* Verify extraction methods
* Confirm standardization
* Review testing certificates
* Ensure traceability
Testing Requirements:
* Identity verification
* Potency testing (polysaccharide content)
* Purity testing (heavy metals, pesticides, microbiological)
* Stability testing
* Label claim verification
Future Research Directions
While existing research on maitake is promising, several areas require further investigation:
Human Clinical Trials
Needed Studies:
* Large-scale, randomized, placebo-controlled trials specifically examining weight loss
* Long-term studies (6-12 months) assessing sustained effects
* Dose-response studies to determine optimal dosing
* Studies in diverse populations
* Comparative studies with other interventions
Mechanism Studies
Research Questions:
* Precise molecular mechanisms of metabolic effects
* Interactions with gut microbiome
* Effects on specific metabolic pathways
* Bioavailability and absorption studies
* Identification of most active compounds
Combination Therapies
Investigation Areas:
* Synergistic effects with other mushrooms
* Combination with conventional treatments
* Integration with lifestyle interventions
* Optimal supplement combinations
Personalized Nutrition
Future Directions:
* Genetic factors influencing response
* Microbiome profiles predicting effectiveness
* Metabolic phenotypes most responsive to maitake
* Personalized dosing strategies
Realistic Expectations: Setting the Record Straight
To provide honest, credible information, it's essential to set realistic expectations about maitake mushroom extract and weight loss.
What You Can Reasonably Expect
Metabolic Support:
Maitake extract may provide modest support for healthy metabolism, particularly regarding blood sugar regulation and lipid metabolism.
Complementary Benefits:
When combined with proper diet, exercise, and lifestyle modifications, maitake may enhance overall metabolic health and support weight management efforts.
Gradual Effects:
Any benefits would likely develop gradually over weeks to months of consistent use, not rapidly.
Individual Variation:
Responses vary significantly among individuals based on numerous factors.
What You Should Not Expect
Rapid Weight Loss:
Maitake extract will not produce rapid, dramatic weight loss on its own.
Compensation for Poor Lifestyle:
No supplement can overcome consistently poor dietary choices, sedentary behavior, inadequate sleep, or chronic stress.
Universal Effectiveness:
Not everyone will experience noticeable benefits from maitake supplementation.
Cure for Obesity:
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial condition requiring comprehensive treatment approaches.
Practical Implementation: A Step-by-Step Approach
For those interested in trying maitake mushroom extract as part of a weight management strategy, here's a practical implementation plan:
Step 1: Assess Your Situation
Evaluate current health status
Identify specific goals (blood sugar control, cholesterol management, weight loss)
Consult healthcare provider, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications
Set realistic expectations
Step 2: Choose Quality Product
Research reputable brands
Verify standardization and third-party testing
Select appropriate form (capsules, powder, liquid)
Check for quality certifications
Step 3: Start Gradually
Begin with lower dose (500-1000 mg daily)
Take with meals to assess tolerance
Monitor for any adverse effects
Gradually increase to recommended dose if well-tolerated
Step 4: Implement Comprehensive Approach
Optimize diet with whole, nutrient-dense foods
Establish regular exercise routine
Prioritize sleep quality
Manage stress effectively
Stay well-hydrated
Step 5: Monitor and Adjust
Track relevant metrics (weight, blood sugar, energy levels, how you feel)
Keep consistent supplementation schedule
Allow adequate time (8-12 weeks minimum) to assess effects
Adjust approach based on results
Maintain regular healthcare provider communication
Step 6: Evaluate Results
Assess whether benefits justify continued use
Consider whether effects plateau or continue
Decide on long-term supplementation strategy
Re-evaluate goals and approach as needed
Conclusion: The Verdict on Maitake Mushroom Extract and Weight Loss
So, does it help you lose weight? The honest, evidence-based answer is nuanced:
Direct Weight Loss Evidence:Limited human clinical trials specifically demonstrate significant weight loss from maitake extract alone. While animal studies show promising effects on fat accumulation [16], robust human data specifically for weight loss remains insufficient.
Metabolic Support Evidence:Substantial research demonstrates that maitake extract favorably influences metabolic pathways relevant to weight management, including:
* Blood sugar regulation and insulin sensitivity
* Cholesterol and lipid metabolism
* Immune modulation and inflammation
* Overall metabolic health
Realistic Potential:Maitake mushroom may support weight management efforts indirectly by:
* Improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism
* Enhancing lipid metabolism and cholesterol management
* Supporting immune function and reducing inflammation
* Providing metabolic support during weight loss efforts
Best Use:Maitake extract is most appropriately viewed as a complementary tool within a comprehensive weight management approach that includes proper nutrition, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, stress management, and other evidence-based strategies-not as a standalone weight loss solution.
Who May Benefit Most:Individuals with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or dyslipidemia may find maitake extract particularly beneficial as part of their metabolic health strategy.
Quality Matters:Choosing high-quality, properly extracted, and standardized maitake products from reputable manufacturers is essential for potential benefits.
Safety Profile:Maitake extract has an excellent safety profile with minimal side effects when used appropriately, though individuals with certain medical conditions or taking specific medications should consult healthcare providers.
Final Recommendations
For Consumers:
If you're interested in trying maitake mushroom extract for metabolic support, choose quality products, set realistic expectations, use it as part of a comprehensive healthy lifestyle approach, and give it adequate time (8-12 weeks) to assess effects. Most importantly, consult with healthcare professionals, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
For Manufacturers:
It represents a scientifically-supported ingredient for metabolic health formulations. Focus marketing on evidence-based benefits like blood sugar support and metabolic health rather than direct weight loss claims. Prioritize quality sourcing, proper extraction methods, standardization, and third-party testing to deliver effective products that build consumer trust.
The Bottom Line:
While maitake mushroom extract shows genuine promise for supporting metabolic health through multiple mechanisms, it should be viewed as one component of a holistic approach to weight management rather than a magic bullet for weight loss. The most compelling evidence supports its use for blood sugar regulation, lipid metabolism, and immune support-all of which can indirectly contribute to healthier body composition when combined with appropriate lifestyle modifications.
As research continues to evolve, our understanding of maitake's potential will become clearer. For now, the evidence suggests that maitake mushroom powder is a valuable, science-backed ingredient for metabolic support that may benefit certain individuals as part of a comprehensive wellness strategy.
JOYWIN founded in 2013 is an innovation-driven biotechnology company. We provide the manufacture of plant extracts, plant proteases, and customized products. If you want to know more about Maitake Mushrooms Extract or are interested in purchasing it, you can email at contact@joywinworld.com. We will reply as soon as possible after we see the message.